Essential Information & explanations, latest texts & monographs on
Crony_capitalism.
Crony Capitalism and Economic Growth in Latin America: Theory and Evidence by Stephen Haber
Crony Capitalism : Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines by David C. Kang
Crony Capitalism : Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines by David C. Kang
Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism by Ricardo Manapat
Crony capitalism
"Crony capitalism" is a pejorative expression, denoting a type of capitalism in which business success is heavily dependent upon one's connections. In such a system, business decisions are significantly influenced by friendships and family ties, rather than by market forces and open competition. The term, often abbreviated "crapitalism", is generally used as part of an explanation for why a superficially market-based system fails to generate adequate economic growth. The term has been used to describe the economic systems of Japan, Indonesia and the United States.
Like fascism, "crony capitalism" often describes a close relationship between government and business, but to a much less obvious extent. Instead of the government directly controlling businesses and giving it orders (as is the case with Fascism), the government gives legislative favors to certain businesses or types of businesses - ease of permits, government grants, specially created tax benefits, etc.
Many capitalists argue that such favors are not "true capitalism", but socialists generally argue that such actions are. Some refer to this system as mercantilism or as being related to it. Some, like ethicist Jane Jacobs, just call it corruption, a natural consequence of collusion between those managing power and trade.
Crony capitalism is partially explainable by using the principles which govern any network. As government and business leaders try to accomplish things they naturally turn to other hubs (powerful people) for support in their endeavors. In a developing country those hubs may be very few thus concentrating economic and political power in a small interlocking group. In a fully developed country, wealth may have become concentrated in a small group with the same result, reduction of the number of hubs or influential persons and institutions.
Critics question the meaningfulness of the concept by pointing out that personal factors influence business decisions in all economic systems and that the existence of these factors, per se, is insufficient as an explanation for why certain economic systems work better than others. Other critics point to the newness of the term, by noting its absence from many dictionaries.
In Russia and the other successor states to the former Soviet Union, and in China, government connections are almost indispensable to business success. The same is true for certain industries with a connection or dependence on the military-industrial complex in the United States.
See also: bribery, oligarchy, political families, and mercantilism.
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